FAQs in section [32]:
[32.1] What do I need to know when mixing C and C++ code?
Here are some high points (though some compiler-vendors might not require all
these; check with your compiler-vendor's documentation):
- You must use your C++ compiler when compiling main()
(e.g., for static initialization)
- Your C++ compiler should direct the linking process
(e.g., so it can get its special libraries)
- Your C and C++ compilers probably need to come from same vendor and
have compatible versions (e.g., so they have the same calling
conventions)
In addition, you'll need to read the rest of this section to find out how to
make your C functions callable by C++ and/or your C++ functions callable by C.
BTW there is another way to handle this whole thing: compile all your code
(even your C-style code) using a C++ compiler. That pretty much eliminates
the need to mix C and C++, plus it will cause you to be more careful (and
possibly —hopefully!— discover some bugs) in your C-style code. The
down-side is that you'll need to update your C-style code in certain ways,
basically because the C++ compiler is more
careful/picky than your C compiler. The point is that the effort
required to clean up your C-style code may be less than the effort required to
mix C and C++, and as a bonus you get cleaned up C-style code. Obviously you
don't have much of a choice if you're not able to alter your C-style code
(e.g., if it's from a third-party).
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[32.2] How can I include a standard C header file in my C++ code?
To #include a standard header file (such as <cstdio>), you don't have to do
anything unusual. E.g.,
// This is C++ code
#include <cstdio> // Nothing unusual in #include line
int main()
{
std::printf("Hello world\n"); // Nothing unusual in the call either
...
}
If you think the std:: part of the std::printf() call is
unusual, then the best thing to do is "get over it." In other words, it's the
standard way to use names in the standard library, so you might as well start
getting used to it now.
However if you are compiling C code using your C++ compiler, you don't want to
have to tweak all these calls from printf() to std::printf().
Fortunately in this case the C code will use the old-style header
<stdio.h> rather than the new-style header <cstdio>, and the magic of
namespaces will take care of everything else:
/* This is C code that I'm compiling using a C++ compiler */
#include <stdio.h> /* Nothing unusual in #include line */
int main()
{
printf("Hello world\n"); /* Nothing unusual in the call either */
...
}
Final comment: if you have C headers that are not part of the standard
library, we have somewhat different guidelines for you. There are two cases:
either you can't change the
header, or you can change the
header.
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[32.3] How can I include a non-system C header file in my C++ code?
If you are including a C header file that isn't provided by the system, you may
need to wrap the #include line in an extern "C" { /*...*/ }
construct. This tells the C++ compiler that the functions declared in the
header file are C functions.
// This is C++ code
extern "C" {
// Get declaration for f(int i, char c, float x)
#include "my-C-code.h"
}
int main()
{
f(7, 'x', 3.14); // Note: nothing unusual in the call
...
}
Note: Somewhat different guidelines apply for C headers provided by the
system (such as <cstdio>) and for C
headers that you can change.
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[32.4] How can I modify my own C header files so it's easier to #include them in C++ code?
If you are including a C header file that isn't provided by the system, and if
you are able to change the C header, you should strongly consider adding the
extern "C" {...} logic inside the header to make it easier for C++
users to #include it into their C++ code. Since a C compiler won't
understand the extern "C" construct, you must wrap the extern "C"
{ and } lines in an #ifdef so they won't be seen by normal
C compilers.
Step #1: Put the following lines at the very top of your C header file (note:
the symbol __cplusplus is #defined if/only-if the compiler is a C++
compiler):
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
Step #2: Put the following lines at the very bottom of your C header file:
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
Now you can #include your C header without any extern "C" nonsense in
your C++ code:
// This is C++ code
// Get declaration for f(int i, char c, float x)
#include "my-C-code.h" // Note: nothing unusual in #include line
int main()
{
f(7, 'x', 3.14); // Note: nothing unusual in the call
...
}
Note: Somewhat different guidelines apply for C
headers provided by the system (such as <cstdio>) and for
C headers that you can't change.
Note: #define macros are evil in 4 different
ways: evil#1, evil#2,
evil#3, and
evil#4. But they're still
useful sometimes. Just wash your hands
after using them.
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[32.5] How can I call a non-system C function f(int,char,float) from my C++ code?
If you have an individual C function that you want to call, and for some reason
you don't have or don't want to #include a C header file in which that
function is declared, you can declare the individual C function in your C++ code
using the extern "C" syntax. Naturally you need to use the full
function prototype:
extern "C" void f(int i, char c, float x);
A block of several C functions can be grouped via braces:
extern "C" {
void f(int i, char c, float x);
int g(char* s, const char* s2);
double sqrtOfSumOfSquares(double a, double b);
}
After this you simply call the function just as if it were a C++ function:
int main()
{
f(7, 'x', 3.14); // Note: nothing unusual in the call
...
}
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[32.6] How can I create a C++ function f(int,char,float) that is callable by my C code?
The C++ compiler must know that f(int,char,float) is to be called by a C
compiler using the extern "C"
construct:
// This is C++ code
// Declare f(int,char,float) using extern "C":
extern "C" void f(int i, char c, float x);
...
// Define f(int,char,float) in some C++ module:
void f(int i, char c, float x)
{
...
}
The extern "C" line tells the compiler that the external information
sent to the linker should use C calling conventions and name mangling (e.g.,
preceded by a single underscore). Since name overloading isn't supported by C,
you can't make several overloaded functions simultaneously callable by a C
program.
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[32.7] Why is the linker giving errors for C/C++ functions being called from C++/C functions?
If you didn't get your extern "C" right, you'll sometimes get linker
errors rather than compiler errors. This is due to the fact that C++ compilers
usually "mangle" function names (e.g., to support function overloading)
differently than C compilers.
See the previous two FAQs on how to use extern "C".
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[32.8] How can I pass an object of a C++ class to/from a C function?
Here's an example (for info on extern "C", see the previous two FAQs).
Fred.h:
/* This header can be read by both C and C++ compilers */
#ifndef FRED_H
#define FRED_H
#ifdef __cplusplus
class Fred {
public:
Fred();
void wilma(int);
private:
int a_;
};
#else
typedef
struct Fred
Fred;
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
#if defined(__STDC__) || defined(__cplusplus)
extern void c_function(Fred*); /* ANSI C prototypes */
extern Fred* cplusplus_callback_function(Fred*);
#else
extern void c_function(); /* K&R style */
extern Fred* cplusplus_callback_function();
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /*FRED_H*/
Fred.cpp:
// This is C++ code
#include "Fred.h"
Fred::Fred() : a_(0) { }
void Fred::wilma(int a) { }
Fred* cplusplus_callback_function(Fred* fred)
{
fred->wilma(123);
return fred;
}
main.cpp:
// This is C++ code
#include "Fred.h"
int main()
{
Fred fred;
c_function(&fred);
...
}
c-function.c:
/* This is C code */
#include "Fred.h"
void c_function(Fred* fred)
{
cplusplus_callback_function(fred);
}
Unlike your C++ code, your C code will not be able to tell that two pointers
point at the same object unless the pointers are exactly the same
type. For example, in C++ it is easy to check if a Derived* called
dp points to the same object as is pointed to by a Base*
called bp: just say if (dp == bp) .... The C++ compiler
automatically converts both pointers to the same type, in this case to
Base*, then compares them. Depending on the C++ compiler's
implementation details, this conversion sometimes changes the bits of a
pointer's value. However your C compiler will not know how to do that pointer
conversion, so the conversion from Derived* to Base*, for
example, must take place in code compiled with a C++ compiler, not in code
compiled with a C compiler.
NOTE: you must be especially careful when converting both to
void* since that conversion will not allow either the C or C++
compiler to do the proper pointer adjustments! For example (continuing from
the previous paragraph), if you assigned dp and bp into two
void* pointers, say dpv and bpv, it might be the case
that dpv != bpv even if dp == bp. You have been warned.
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[32.9] Can my C function directly access data in an object of a C++ class?
Sometimes.
(For basic info on passing C++ objects to/from C functions, read the previous
FAQ).
You can safely access a C++ object's data from a C function if the C++ class:
- Has no virtual functions (including
inherited virtual functions)
- Has all its data in the same access-level section
(private/protected/public)
- Has no fully-contained subobjects with
virtual functions
If the C++ class has any base classes at all (or if any fully contained
subobjects have base classes), accessing the data will technically be
non-portable, since class layout under inheritance isn't imposed by the
language. However in practice, all C++ compilers do it the same way: the base
class object appears first (in left-to-right order in the event of multiple
inheritance), and member objects follow.
Furthermore, if the class (or any base class) contains any virtual
functions, almost all C++ compliers put a void* into the object either at the
location of the first virtual function or at the very beginning of the
object. Again, this is not required by the language, but it is the way
"everyone" does it.
If the class has any virtual base classes, it is even more complicated
and less portable. One common implementation technique is for objects to
contain an object of the virtual base class (V) last (regardless of
where V shows up as a virtual base class in the inheritance
hierarchy). The rest of the object's parts appear in the normal order. Every
derived class that has V as a virtual base class actually has a
pointer to the V part of the final object.
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[32.10] Why do I feel like I'm "further from the machine" in C++ as opposed to C?
Because you are.
As an OO programming language, C++ allows you to model the problem domain
itself, which allows you to program in the language of the problem domain
rather than in the language of the solution domain.
One of C's great strengths is the fact that it has "no hidden mechanism": what
you see is what you get. You can read a C program and "see" every clock cycle.
This is not the case in C++; old line C programmers (such as many of us once
were) are often ambivalent (can you say, "hostile"?) about this feature.
However after they've made the transition to OO thinking, they often realize
that although C++ hides some mechanism from the programmer, it also provides a
level of abstraction and economy of expression which lowers maintenance costs
without destroying run-time performance.
Naturally you can write bad code in any language; C++ doesn't guarantee any
particular level of quality, reusability, abstraction, or any other measure of
"goodness."
C++ doesn't try to make it impossible for bad programmers to write bad
programs; it enables reasonable developers to create superior software.
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Revised Mar 1, 2006